Implantable cellular and biotherapeutic agent delivery canister

ABSTRACT

A material includes a metallic, nanoporous structure having a plurality of nanopores having a porosity that allows passage of insulin but not IgG. The metallic nanoporous structure includes titanium, 316L stainless steel and may have a textured nano-sericeous surface. A nanoporous bicontinuous structure can be integrated with nanopores.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/584,748, filed Jan. 26, 2022, entitled “IMPLANTABLE CELLULAR AND BIOTHERAPEUTIC AGENT DELIVERY CANISTER”, and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/985,350, filed on Aug. 5, 2020, entitled “IMPLANTABLE CELLULAR AND BIOTHERAPEUTIC AGENT DELIVERY CANISTER”, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/128,781, filed on Sep. 12, 2018, U.S. Pat. No. 10, 751, 280, issued on Sep. 25, 2020, entitled “IMPLANTABLE CELLULAR AND BIOTHERAPEUTIC AGENT DELIVERY CANISTER”, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/530,067, filed on Nov. 30, 2016, U.S. Pat. No. 10,092,507, issued on Oct. 9, 2018, entitled “IMPLANTABLE CELLULAR AND BIOTHERAPEUTIC AGENT DELIVERY CANISTER”, which claims the benefit of International Serial No. PCT/US2015/000065, filed Jun. 6, 2015, and, which claims the benefit of U.S. Application Ser. No. 61/997,635 filed Jun. 6, 2014, the entirety of which are incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD

The invention relates to a nanoporous material and devices that incorporate the material for encapsulating cellular and biotherapeutic agents.

BACKGROUND

The field of cellular and biotherapeutic agents research and development has provided novel, patient centric alternatives to resolving many chronic and costly disease conditions. Traditional pharmaceutical based therapies have yet to provide a cure for these often acquired and congenital conditions. These include the +100 autoimmune diseases affecting 50 million Americans (AARDA) such as Type 1 diabetes (T1D), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. Typically for these disease states, cellular production of required biomolecular factors that direct normal physiological function are missing. Unfortunately, the unexplained destructive attack on normal cellular function by the body's own protective immune system is frequently the cause.

As an example, the most costly of these is Type 1 diabetes, a disease where the body's immune system attacks and destroys insulin producing (3-cells in the pancreas. This disease, most frequently diagnosed in children, affects nearly 3 million Americans who require $15 billion in annual care, including $1.8 billion spent on insulin.

Cellular therapy offers the option of replacing lost or damaged cells with donor cells or stem cells capable of producing and secreting a steady supply of biomolecular factors. These biomolecular factors have the potential to restore lost or impaired physiological function within the mammalian host. For example, replacing lost islets of Langerhans has been shown to restore glucose transport in mammals with insulin-dependent diabetes. And dopaminergic neurons or neural stem cell-based therapy have been shown to reduce the effects of Parkinson's disease.

Biotherapeutic agents, or biologics, represent another novel therapy option. These biomolecular substances are derived from living organisms, where living tissues are made or modified to create therapeutic compounds. Insulin, used to regulate blood sugars, was the first medicine produced using biotechnological methods. Many biologics have been subsequently developed to treat chronic illnesses like cancer, anemia, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Such biologics also have the potential to disrupt unwanted physiological events, as in potent cancer compounds or anti-infectious disease vectors. These therapeutic and living tissue-derived and active factors include but are not limited to proteins, peptides, genes, antibodies hormones, growth factors and neurotransmitters.

Envisioned is a complementing site-specific delivery device such as a canister or tube platform with the potential for the long-term (>12 months) controlled secretion of these living tissue derived, biologically active and cell-based therapeutic agents.

A key to utilizing cellular and biotherapeutic agents is their transplantation into mammalian tissues. As a foreign biomaterial, they trigger the host's naturally protective immune system response, which compromises their ability to survive and function. Likewise, as living tissues, careful placement is required to avoid harmful side effects to the mammalian host. For example, current medical practice requires the patient to remain on life-long immunosuppressant drug therapy following the direct administration of foreign but therapeutic cells (e.g. injection) into an organ or tissue. This required concomitant therapy unfortunately carries significant risks including toxicity to both the host and the implanted cells and/or biotherapeutic agents. There is also the concern that certain cell types (e.g. pluripotent stem cells), although potentially therapeutic, carry the risk of differentiating and developing tumorogenicity. Additionally, blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR) destroys a significant portion of cells when transplanted into the vascular system.

The sustained function of therapeutic cells and biotherapeutic compounds, especially when they trigger an aggressive immune response, require a specialized delivery canister alternative. The present disclosure describes an implantable, canister-like “platform” for sustained biomolecular agent-based therapies. Envisioned are a variety of specialized implantable canisters for delivering cells and biotherapeutics in vivo that address the following requirements; (1) are biocompatible and well tolerated by the mammalian host, (2) protect the delivered materials from immune response and rejection; (3) establish an environment that supports targeted cellular function and biotherapeutic activity; (4) allow for the continuous diffusion of their specific biomolecular factors for treating disease conditions; (5) complement current medical practice associated with implantable devices (e.g. post-implant visualization, infection control, retrieval, mechanically and structurally robust, sterility, etc.).

Likewise, such a device delivery can potentially obviate problems associated with current cell and biotherapeutics delivery canister-based approaches:

1) The implantable device (e.g., canister) utilizes medical grade metal materials that are well tolerated by the body and are biocompatible. Metal device manufacturing is a mature technology and applied across a variety of implanted medical devices like pacemakers, orthopedic implants, cardiovascular stents, etc. Existing processes and treatments render these materials to be clean, passive, corrosion resistant, mechanically stable and biocompatible by way of processes such as chemical cleaning, etching, electropolishing and acid passivation. Specific metals are known to have a protective oxide layer that renders surfaces relatively inert. This results in modest surface charges that minimize protein deposition in situ, curtail monocyte and macrophage adhesion. The metals materials characteristic results in generally low levels of (acute) inflammation, thus minimizing aggressive fibrotic encapsulation resulting from chronic inflammation and foreign body response. Currently available cell and biotherapeutic devices are pouch-like macroencapsulation constructs. They are constructed from multilayered polymer materials. Such implanted polymers are known to trigger untoward inflammatory reactions, primarily because of impurities inherent with their manufacture (e.g. catalysts, binders, monomers, initiators). Of additional concern is the lingering toxicity of these manufacturing impurities and their effect on the encapsulated cellular and/or biotherapeutic agents and their secreted therapeutic factors;

2) The metallic implant device can be made into a variety of shapes and sizes, whose physical characteristics can be crafted to meet specific clinical therapeutic requirements while offering superior structural integrity. Delivery pouches constructed of polymeric materials are limited in the variety of possible constructs when compared to metal based designs. Their designs incorporate layered elements including microfiber filters, webbing, spacers, shims, etc., making them prone to splitting, fracture, buckling and ballooning. Additionally, polymeric macroencapsulation delivery pouches contain undesirable artifacts associated with their manufacture. These manufacturing defects, such as sharp edges, inconsistent layered materials deposition, and poor edge seals, can cause implant site irritation, resulting in untoward inflammation and aggressive tissue reaction. They are known to cause significant scar tissue formation (fibrosis) that envelops the device, making it nonfunctional. They are known to disfigure and often kind following their implantation.

To the contrary, metals based medical device manufacturing processes have been refined and eliminate such artifacts. They can be manufactured as a single material construct, with defined wall and overall device thickness. As a single materials construct, there is no need for layered elements. Anatomically appropriate features (e.g. rounded features, increased surface area refinements) are easily incorporated into the superstructure. Additionally, the nature of metal materials in medical applications is well documented and understood in terms of strength, durability, resistance to corrosion and wear. Similarly designed polymer devices generally fall short with regard to these important features when placed in normal physiological stresses and conditions;

3) Nanoscale through-porous manufacturing processes permit control over pore size, pore density and morphology. Tailored pore sizing is a key criterion for the continuous diffusion of specific biomolecular factors for treating disease conditions. These biomolecular factors, most of which are considered to be small molecules, must freely exit from the delivery canister, exiting into the surrounding tissues of the mammalian host. Likewise, this tailored porous dimension can withstand the host's cell-mediated immunity, mechanically blocking immunocytes and their secretory immunoglobulins (IgM and IgG) and macrophages accessing the canister content. Methods for manufacturing such tailored nanoscale porous structures in metal include electrochemical dealloying at the atomic level, nanoparticulate fusing resulting in porous morphologies between metal particles and/or nanophase templates derived from block-co-polymer and block-co-metals. These processes can be used singularly or in combination. Important to these modification processes is the necessity of bicontinuous morphology. This nanophase materials outcome allows for controlled biomolecular factor secretion, necessary for any closed-looped delivery where factor release (e.g. timing) is an important therapeutic variable; and

4) Nanotechnology derived materials significantly change metal properties by controlling the atomic, molecular, and supramolecular levels of the canister. These nanophase porous metal manufactured materials, especially at the surface, offer several physiological benefits. Due to the presence of numerous nanostructures (e.g., proteins) in the body, cells are accustomed to interacting with surfaces that have a large degree of nanometer roughness. Despite this fact, many current synthetic polymer delivery pouches possess conventional (micron-sized) surface features only.

However, nanophase implant surfaces can: 1) alter implant surface energy; in certain scenarios, they act to camouflage (endothelialization) and in others, they selectively deter (retard inflammatory cells response); 2) control initial protein adsorption and bioactivity; 3) promote cellular activity/growth while inhibiting infection and chronic inflammation; and 4) provide increased drug loading and prolonged drug delivery.

In the specific application to the envisioned delivery canister, the incorporated nanophase porosity will lead to increased vascular endothelial cell proliferation, important for therapeutic factor uptake from the enclosed therapeutic agents.

Internal to the canister, the large surface to volume ratio will optimize the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and removal of waste metabolites, thus increasing the rates of factor release and responsiveness changes in the surrounding tissues. This approach—of utilizing defined nanophase regions within the same metal construct—would allow contained biomolecular factors to reside, via varied porosity, closer to the external, vascularized surface of the canister without having to greatly diminish the canister's wall thickness and thus maintaining the required structural integrity of the delivery canister. Such internal nanophase structures that provide for improved cell adhesion to the device super-structure would facilitate phenotypic control and cell survivability.

External and at the canister to tissue interface, nanophase modified surface textures could be used to facilitate use of anti-inflammatory, antibiotic and anti-fibrotic compounds to retard immediate foreign body responses while allowing for surface only imbedded vascularization agents for enhanced biomolecular factor survival and their long-term function of secreted therapeutic agents.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of an embodiment of the finished implant device, in this view, a canister;

FIG. 1A shows a perspective view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 , where the two shell members are opened;

FIG. 1B shows a cut away embodiment of the canister containing no internal raised structure;

FIG. 1C illustrates a microscopic view of a metallic material with the nanoporous bicontinuous through-porous membrane morphology incorporated into the super-structure of the canister;

FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of a metallic material used to construct the invention showing a single nanoporous bicontinuous, through-porous membrane morphology structure;

FIG. 2A shows another embodiment of a metallic material used to construct the invention showing two interconnected layers of nanoporous, through porous membrane morphology structure;

FIG. 2B illustrates a layered nanophase material or membrane;

FIG. 2C illustrates a tubular nanoporous membrane;

FIG. 2D is a cross sectional view of the membrane of FIG. 2 C;

FIG. 3 shows another embodiment of the invention wherein the device is circular shaped having internal circular channels, wherein the channels are formed from a continuous, raised protrusion;

FIG. 4 shows yet another embodiment of the invention wherein the device is square shaped having internal square channels, wherein the channels are separate from each other.

FIG. 5 shows a nanoporous surface pattern to increase internal and/or external surface areas to which a nanophase through-porous porosity is then applied;

FIG. 6 shows an alternative surface pattern to increase internal and/or external surface areas to which a nanophase through-porous porosity is then applied;

FIG. 7 shows another surface pattern to increase internal and/or external surface areas to which a nanophase through-porous porosity is then applied;

FIG. 8 shows yet another surface pattern to increase internal and/or external surface areas to which a nanophase through-porous porosity is then applied.

FIG. 9 shows a different surface pattern to increase internal and/or external surface areas to which a nanophase through-porous porosity is then applied;

FIG. 10 shows another surface that is configured to display composite bends to increase internal and/or external surface areas to which a nanophase through-porous porosity is then applied;

FIG. 11 shows another surface pattern to increase external and/or surface areas to which a nanophase through-porous porosity is then applied;

FIG. 12 shows a perspective view of the canister having a centrally located port to allow flushing or injection into the interior chamber of the canister;

FIG. 13 shows a perspective view of the canister with a port system comprising an infusion tube used to allow flushing or injection into the interior chamber of the canister;

FIG. 14 shows a perspective, cut-away view of the outer one-half of a protective metallic canister with its nanophase through-porous membrane and encasing an inner porous polymeric pouch with a port for injecting biotherapeutic and/or cellular agents;

FIG. 15 shows an alternative of the canister with its nanophase through-porous membrane and having multiple sealed chambers and a plurality of ports;

FIG. 16 is a side view of an injection device and the canister illustrating the delivery of biotherapeutic and/or cellular agents from the injection device into the canister;

FIG. 17 is another view of the injection device and the canister of FIG. 16 showing multiple anchors and showing the injection tube penetrating the membrane to deliver biotherapeutic and/cellular agents;

FIG. 18 is an exploded view of an implantable medical device constructed in accordance with the principles of the present application; and

FIG. 19 is an assembled view of the medical device shown in FIG. 18 .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions

“Bicontinuous Morphology” refers to at least two regions, each of substantially uniform composition which differs from the other and each of which forms a continuous pathway from one surface of an article to another surface of an article. Thus, a bicontinuous morphology will have two continuous pathways or two sets of continuous pathways extending from one surface of the material to the other surface.

“Metabolically Active” means cellular or biotherapeutic agents that produce therapeutic metabolites in a biologically relevant environment.

“Nanoporous” means very small pores extending through a surface, and measured in increments of a millionth of a meter or as 10⁻⁹ of a meter (abbreviated “nm”).

“Nanoscale” and “nanophase” means measurements in increments in increments of a millionth of a meter or as 10⁻⁹ of a meter (abbreviated “nm”).

“Rigid” means stiff and not bending.

“Through-porous membrane” means a semipermeable membrane, also termed a selectively permeable membrane, a partially permeable membrane or a differentially permeable membrane, is a type of biological membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion and occasionally specialized “facilitated diffusion” along with other types of passive transport and active transport.

“Integrated Nanophase Morphologies” refers to at least two regions, each constructed from the same metal but with substantially different compositions which differs from the other and each of which forms a continuous pathway from one surface on an article to another surface of an article. Thus, an integrated or joined nanophase morphology will have two continuous pathways or sets of continuous pathways extending across both and from one surface of the material to the other surface.

A platform for cellular and biotherapeutic agent delivery in a mammalian host, primarily humans, utilizing an implantable metal canister is described herein. Such a cell and biotherapeutics delivery canister provides a suitable environment for the cells and biotherapeutics to survive and function (e.g. produce and secrete therapeutic bioactive factors) without adversely affecting the mammalian host recipient or impaired by normal immunoprotective response.

The cell and biotherapeutics delivery canister construct is made of medical-grade metal(s). In its simplest configuration, it is a metallic canister composed of two identical cup-shaped halves to create a hollow chamber. The medical-grade metals are modified to contain a nanoscale through-porous and bicontinuous membrane morphology. The internal void chamber of the envisioned canister is accessed through an incorporated silicon septum or attached infusion tube built into the canister, also sealed with a silicon septum for needle injection.

The metals material is processed in a way that to create a porous, membrane-like structure. This modification takes place at the nanoscale level. The nanoscale pore size is sized and exacted to control bioactive factor exchange and diffusion. Specifically, a tailored nanoscale, through-porous feature with bicontinuous morphology within the canister superstructure allows for highly controlled therapeutic factor diffusion, both in and out of the delivery canister. The pore sizes range from approximately 20 nm to 5000 nm with a wall thickness of 5 to 250 microns. The wall thickness can be varied to provide a balance between efficient diffusion and structural integrity of the implanted device.

The incorporated and tailored membrane also precludes certain unwanted biomaterials from penetrating the implanted delivery canister and contacting its therapeutic agent contents. These include immunogenic factors (e.g. immune cells or immune agents). The pore sizes may range from approximately 20 nm to 5000 nm with a wall thickness of 5 to 250 microns. The wall thickness can be varied to provide a balance between efficient diffusion and structural integrity of the implanted device.

Nanophase biofunctional surfacing of implanted devices has been shown to match the recognition ability of biological systems, especially microvascularization. As such, topographic patterns can be executed on the canister delivery surface to match proteins at the nanometer scale and cells at the micrometer scale. The pore size feature of the canister superstructure metal material will facilitate desired vascular tissue incorporation of the canister to aid in the survival and/or function of its contents. The pore sizes may range from approximately 20 nm to 5000 nm with a wall thickness of 5 to 250 microns. The wall thickness can be varied to provide a balance between efficient diffusion and structural integrity of the implanted device.

The availability of vascular supply to the encapsulated therapeutic agents relates to their survival and function. A constant supply of oxygen, nutrients, and waste removal are required for nourishing the implanted cells and maintaining an optimal environment within the delivery canister for their longevity. In the case of therapeutic cells, a well-vascularized environment prevents death or damage through the effects of ischemia or hypoxia. The nanoscale texturing of the external surface of the delivery canister will encourage growth of vascularized tissue into the porous construct of the device. At the same time, scar tissue formation, triggered by a foreign body response, is mitigated. The desired ingrown vascular tissues also stabilize the implant canister, preventing its translocation into other body regions or tissues.

Nanoscale texturing of the internal void surface of the canister device will encourage distribution of therapeutic contents within the canister to the outermost regions of the delivery canister. This will encourage more immediate access to the vascularized tissues resident to the outer surface of the canister device, resulting in a large surface to volume ratio associated with nanophase materials construction.

The implanted delivery canister, having as well a nanoporous external surface, can be coated with an approved antibiotic compound to minimize infections. The porous surface texture of the delivery canister can be tailored at the nano scale level for specific retention and release of such pharmaceutical agents. Representative antibiotics alone and in combination, include but are not limited to ampicillin, tetracycline, nafcillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, flucloxacillin, vancomycin, gentamicin, streptomycin, erythromycin, penicillin, amoxicillin, sulfonamides and derivatives and analogues thereof.

The implanted cell and biotherapeutics delivery canister, having a nanoporous external surface, can be coated with approved antifibrotic drugs to inhibit the formation of unwanted fibrous tissues. The porous surface texture of the delivery canister can be tailored at the nanoscale level for retention and release of such pharmaceutical agents. Antifibrotic agents alone and in combination may include but are not limited to paclitaxel, everolimus, tacrolimus, rapamycin, and derivatives and analogues thereof.

The implanted cell and biotherapeutics delivery canister, having a nanoporous external surface, can be coated with approved biological or pharmaceutical agents (e.g. growth factors) to stimulate tissue in-growth and angiogenesis. The porous surface texture of the delivery canister can be tailored at the nanoscale level for retention and release of such pharmaceutical agents. Such biological or non-biological agents, alone or in combination, stimulate tissue incorporation and angiogenesis include but are not limited to PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor), VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), FGF-1 (fibroblast growth factor), endoglin, ephrin, plasminogen activators, angiogenin and derivatives and analogues thereof.

Functionality of the envisioned cell and biotherapeutics delivery canister is also based on proper dimensions of the delivery canister as they relate to particular cells, biotherapeutic volumes and clinical indications. Overall canister thickness, individual canister wall thickness, contour, shape, and the ability to load and recharge are important to sustaining a therapeutic number of cells for their ongoing survival and effect. The delivery canister shape must be anatomically convenient and non-protruding while meeting patient comfort and aesthetic considerations. In addition to size and shape, the metal material can be finely finished to avoid sharp traumatic edges. There may also be a clinical need to ultimately remove the delivery canister.

Another embodiment of the cell and biotherapeutics delivery canister includes multiple divided, internal chambers within the canister. These can either be connected or separate depending on septal or cell infusion tube access to the crafted, internal chambers. This embodiment would for example, facilitate the delivery of multiple biotherapeutic compounds where phased delivery is critical to therapeutic endpoints. This phased delivery would be dependent upon size of these internal chambers and location of sized nanoscale through-porosity.

Specifically important to cell survival is the ability to control cell distribution within the canister as cell clustering can impact their survival. Cell quantities can be positioned and controlled within the chamber utilizing internally crafted structures such as interconnected channels.

In all embodiments, the cells are loaded using needled injection through either a septum or self-sealing infusion tube that is designed for needle injection. In one embodiment, the septum is made of a self-sealing medical grade silicone. The septum is positioned to one side of the delivery canister, thereby facilitating manual palpation when implanted in subcutaneous tissues. Deeper tissue placement will utilize a defined tube length and a self-sealing tube with an access port that facilitates needle injection. This self-sealing tube can be brought to the exterior of the patient's body in conjunction with surgical placement and standard wound closure.

The method for loading cells first requires fixating the cell and biotherapeutics delivery canister in the mammalian host body. As such, the nanoporous through-porous membrane of the delivery canister is infiltrated with vascular and connective tissues. Once the cell and biotherapeutics delivery canister is encapsulated in a vascularized collagen matrix, delivering a cell and/or biotherapeutic agent is executed via needle injection, either through the built-in silicon septum or through the self-sealing access tube, which is connected to the delivery canister.

Throughout the disclosure, the terms cell and biotherapeutic infusion and cell and biotherapeutic transplantation are used interchangeably.

A transplanted cell and biotherapeutics delivery canister for containing therapeutic cells and biotherapeutics in vivo, in a mammalian host, is provided. The envisioned implanted cell and biotherapeutics delivery canister comprises a nanoporous canister that can be configured to create a hollow void chamber that is accessed for cell and biotherapeutic loading by way of syringe injection.

Metallurgists have specifically graded metals for clinical applications with enhanced characteristics that make them highly compatible within living tissues. Included in this list are medical-grade metals. Examples of such biomedical grade metals and alloys include stainless steel based alloys, cobalt-chromium based alloys, alloys and nickel-titanium based alloys. More recently platinum containing alloys have been perfected for intravascular applications.

The porous canister is formed of a biocompatible medical grade metal material that elicits only a mild inflammatory response in the body. The nanophase porous exterior portion of a through-porous membrane stimulates microvascular vessels to enter the cell and biotherapeutics delivery canister and promotes a vascularized collagen matrix to envelop the device, while curtailing a significant inflammation of tissues surrounding the delivery canister. The pore size and density of the nanoscale porous canister through-porous membrane encourages the growth and maintenance of these healthy vessels, which relate to the survival and targeted function of the therapeutic agents (e.g. molecular factor diffusion) contained within the delivery canister.

The required size of the porous canister depends on the optimal surface area-to-volume ratios for holding metabolically active agents in vivo and for ensuring their long-term survival within the vascularized void chamber(s). The number of chambers in the implanted delivery canister is determined by the volume and/or number of cells and/or biotherapeutics that are to be transplanted. The total volume of the cell and biotherapeutics delivery canister can be adjusted by increasing or decreasing the number of chambers and the optimum surface area-to-volume ratio of each individual chamber. The length, width and height of the chambers are also defined and manufactured to meet total therapeutic volume requirements.

Method of Using

The cell and biotherapeutics delivery canister disclosed can be implanted using standard surgical techniques. Applied surgical implantation can occur at the following anatomical locations: subcutaneous, intraperitoneal including the omentum, intramuscular, intravascular, intraocular, intracerebral or other appropriate sites including the digestive tract, spinal cord area or any other organ as required to elicit a therapeutic factor from implanted cells or biotherapeutic agents.

The loading procedure is a two-step process comprising a cell and biotherapeutics delivery canister being implanted and then followed by agent transplantation. After an in vivo incubation period during which the implanted cell and biotherapeutics delivery canister is infiltrated with a vascularized collagen matrix, the agent infusion step is then executed. The desired incubation period is generally thirty days to allow for angiogenesis and collagen infiltration of the porous canister. The incubation period may vary, depending on the extent of desired neovascularization and tissue formation. For example, the device may vascularize at different rates depending on the cell and biotherapeutics delivery canister material, dimensions, or coatings (e.g., antibiotic/antifibrotic coatings, growth factors, vascularizing agents etc.). There may be different vascularization rates pending locations in different body cavities and tissues. A clinically prepared expert can determine the appropriate incubation period while applying imaging tools that can help measure the extent of connective tissue deposition around and through the walls of the porous implanted canister.

For the metabolically active agent step, the implantation site is generally identified and needle accessed following (subcutaneous) palpation or a small surgical incision for deep tissue access. Specifically, the clinician will identify the septum built into the surface of the delivery canister. The cell and/or biotherapeutic agent is then delivered via needle injection through the incorporated silicon septum or self-sealing infusion tubing (e.g., polyethylene tubing) or any other suitable material to deliver the therapeutic agents into porous chamber of cell and biotherapeutics delivery canister during the agent infusion step. The number of septum or infusion tubes in the delivery system may correspond to the number of porous chambers. Deep tissue placement and access will likely involve image-guided technology commonly used in other medical device implant procedures. As a metallic device, medically accepted imaging is readily enhanced.

It is also envisioned that the delivery canister is placed along with the therapeutic agent using a single step and thus implanted together. The potential need exists for a biodegradable polymer coating for short-term containment of the encapsulated cell and biotherapeutic agent during such a singular implant procedure to control leakage loss of the molecular factors within the porous canister.

A void and porous canister may be created, for example, by joining (e.g. welding) the top and bottom halves of the canister along an edge. This would result in the canister being a single void chamber for holding the desired therapeutic agent. Its overall dimensions will generally be defined by the volume requirements and targeted anatomical location. In most embodiments the preferred delivery canister will measure 2-10 cm in length, 2-8 cm in width and have a height of 0.5 mm-5 mm.

Different iterations of this device include similarly parallel halves with patterned gross textures. These geometric patterns, such as wave patterns, circular divots or indents, ridges, grooves and other roughened or contoured surfaces would aid in increasing the desired maximum surface area for enhanced cellular and biotherapeutic factor exchange and vascularization.

As an implantable medical device, the cell and biotherapeutics delivery canister is sterilized using standard techniques prior to implantation. These include ethylene oxide, gamma radiation, cold plasma or dry heat autoclaving. The type of sterilization method used is dependent on the canister material. The cell and biotherapeutics delivery canister may be packaged in a self-seal package or any other sterilizable package along with a sterility indicator strip.

The disclosed delivery canisters can be used for transplantation of any cells, or a combination of cells, any biotherapeutic agent or combination of agents into a mammalian host body for providing therapeutic factors to the mammalian host for the treatment of a disease condition. Allogeneic, xenogeneic or syngeneic donor cells, patient-derived cells, including stem cells, cord blood cells and embryonic stem cells are appropriate for such transplantation. Living tissue derived and active factors include but are not limited to proteins, peptides, genes, antibodies hormones, growth factors and neurotransmitters.

FIG. 1 shows an implantable canister 100 defining a first major surface 102, second major surface 104 and a spacer ring 106. A port 108 defined by the first major surface 102 or second major surface 104 allows access to the interior chamber 112 for infusion or flushing. FIG. 1A shows the canister 100 prior to being sealed shut, including an interior chamber 112 formed by combining both the upper shell 110 and lower shell 114. FIG. 1B shows the canister 100 with one the upper shell 110 cut away, showing the interior chamber 112. In all embodiments, the major surfaces can be fitted and/or joined and/or welded along an edge of the joined top and bottom halves, creating a single delivery canister. As shown in FIG. 1B, the cannister includes a plurality of suture retention tabs 111 configured to provide access to one or more sutures to mount the cannister within a target area. Moreover, tubes 113 may also be include coupled to the cannister 100 to load bioactive compounds within the cannister 100. For example, one or tubes 113 may be in fluid communication with one or the other of the first major surface 102 or the second major surface 104. Moreover, a non-metal, polymeric membrane material may be stretched over the spacer ring 106.

FIG. 1C corresponds to the area shown on the first major surface in FIG. 1A and illustrates a microscopic view of the nanoscale through-porous membrane structure 10 of the canister 100. FIG. 2 illustrates a microscopic view of the nanoscale through-porous metallic membrane material of the canister 100, 300 400, 1400, 1500 having a uniform or homogeneous nanoporous structure. FIG. 2A shows similarly illustrates a microscopic view of the metallic material of the canister 100, 300, 400, 1400, 1500 that is processed to possess an interconnected bicontinuous morphology which containing two distinct porous regions 10, 20, each of substantially uniform composition which differs from the other and each of which forms a continuous pathway from one surface of an article to another surface of an article.

The above nanoscale through-porous membrane structure 10 can include other configurations. For example, FIG. 2B illustrates a microscopic view of a material that includes a nanoporous, bi-continuous morphology “A” that is layered or integrated with a tubular nanoporous morphology “B” such that the material includes two distinct porous regions of different composition and which form a continuous fluid pathway through the structure.

Turning now to FIG. 2C, a top or bottom face of the tubular nanoporous structure “B” is presented to show openings, tubular pores “C,” in the structure into which, through, or from fluid may flow. The pores “C” can be loaded with biodegradable polymers and a wide range of drugs, such as insulin, cytokines, or growth factors. The structure “B” provides excellent control over small molecule diffusion and inhibits large molecule release. As shown, the structure “B” provides some pores “C” with a porosity of 80 nm inner diameter and a 100 nm outer diameter, while others have a smaller or larger pore diameter. In this way, it is possible to filter more than one proteins/nanoparticle of selected sizes. However, the structure “B” can include pores all having substantially the same diameter.

FIG. 2D is a cross section of FIG. 2C showing the tubular pores “B” from the side and illustrating the comparative length to diameter ratio. While the tubular pores “C” are shown to be substantially straight, they can also be curved or serpentine as required by the shape of the substrate to which they are affixed.

The nanoporous structure 10 is metallic, and more particularly fabricated from medical grade metals such as titanium and/or 316L stainless steel. However other metal oxide chemistry is suitable. The metallic tubular pores “C” are very rigid and close enough together (generally 10 nm apart) that fluid with select drugs as described above flows through the tubes and not around or between them. For a nanoporous titanium or 316L stainless steel structure, excellent diffusion of insulin analogue is diffused while completely inhibiting IgG analogue release. For a nanoporous structure 10 having pores in the range of 20 nm to 5000 nm, immune cells such as macrophages and T-cells are restricted by their size from infiltrating through the membrane and prevented from gaining contact with the living tissue contained within. In one configuration the nanopores or no larger than 800 nm in diameter.

The nanoporous structure 10 can be provided with a surface that is created with a subtractive process such as an acid wash, or an additive process like 3D printing. In one embodiment the textured surface is nano-sericeous, at the nanoscale to change the surface energy. Nano-serious topography can be considered as nanofeatures that lie on the surface and/or down or along the direction of a porous substrate. They can reach any depth of the nanoporous interior, whether tubular or bicontinuous or any other nano-porous matrix (e.g., serpentine). The nanofeatures do not affect the through-porous flow rates within the 20 nm to microns sized pores of the underlying substrate. The nanofeatures are 1-5 nm in height and can take many shapes such as oval bumps, straight or staggered ridges, cones, clusters, all with varying widths, from 1-200 nm. However, the process to create nano-sericeousness material does not substantively add any material. The underlying through-porous substrate and nano-sericeous topography are of the same, homogenous metal material.

The nano-sericeous topography provided significant benefits in biological applications. For example, when incorporated, these specialized topographical features can impact biological interactions with an implanted device. Cell or protein binding for example, can be stimulated to attract or be repulsed based in part on surface texture/charge. Specifically, initial protein adsorption dictates cell adhesion and growth. Since proteins possess a charge and energy, changing the surface energy of a material will alter the adsorption and 3-dimensional conformation of proteins (or bioactivity) which will in turn change cell adhesion and growth. A nano-sericeous topography can stimulate vascularization and induce epithelial cells to enter a larger diameter nanoporous matrix thus establishing neovascularity closer to encapsulated living tissue. Additionally, nano-sericeous topography allows for depositing nanoparticles on the surfaces of medical implants. For example, deposited Ag nanoparticles help reduce infection.

As described above, the nanoporous structure 10 can be considered a “stand-alone” material that can be integral with a capsule. However, the nanoporous structure can also be applied to any surface of any object, such as a medical device including the capsules described herein. For example, similar to what has been described above, a medical device can include a substrate having a nanophase tubular structure “B.” The nanophase tubular structure can have a thickness between 8 microns and 200 microns and the nanophase tubular structure can include multiple nanotubes made of a material including one of titanium and 316L stainless steel. In one embodiment the nanophase tubular structure includes nanotubes having a diameter of 80 nm that are integrated with a metallic capsule as described herein, wherein the metallic capsule is apertured to permit fluid passage into the metallic capsule.

Referring now to FIG. 3 , a cut away view of a canister 300 configured to have an internal curved, raised pattern formed by an internal barrier 212 to physically stabilize a biotherapeutic agent (not shown) encased within. FIG. 4 similarly is a cut away view of an embodiment of a canister 400 having a squared shape with a plurality of raised internal barriers 412 to physically stabilize a biotherapeutic agent (not shown) held by the canister 400. FIGS. 3 and 4 are shown for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting as variations of shape and internal barrier configuration within a canister are infinite.

FIGS. 5-11 illustrate exterior nanoporous surface treatment patterns 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1400, 1500 that could be formed into the exterior and/or interior surface (unnumbered) of the canister 100, 300, 400, 1400, 1500. The purpose of the different exterior and/or interior nanoporous surface treatment configurations is to increase the surface area of the canister 100, 300, 400, 1400, 1500 to allow improved inflow and outflow which positively affects the output of cellular and/or biotherapeutic agents contained in the canister and diffused from the canister. FIGS. 5 to 11 are shown for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting as surface treatment variations of canister surface are infinite.

FIG. 12 illustrates the canister 100 being loaded through its port 108 with a biotherapeutic agent. FIG. 13 similarly illustrates a canister 100 having an extended tube 108 a between the canister 100 and the exterior of a patient's body to allow loading of biotherapeutic agent (not shown) following a deep body (e.g., abdominal) implantation.

FIG. 14 is a view of a metallic nanoporous outer protective canister 1400 with an inner polymeric pouch 1404 constructed of a semi-permeable material and containing biotherapeutic agent (not shown). The outer protective canister 1400 is constructed of a nanoscale or microscale through-porous membrane to facilitate cellular or biotherapeutic agent diffusion. The polymeric pouch 1404 is provided fluid communication by means of extended silicone tube 1406.

In another embodiment, as shown in FIG. 15 , the delivery canister 1500 is composed of multiple individual and independent chambers 1508, 1510, 1512, 1514, 1516, 1518. Each individual and independent chamber is accessed through its own port 108. Each independent chamber can have the same or varied nanophase through-porous membrane structure 10, 20 for controlled diffusion of various cellular or biotherapeutic agents, thus allowing sequenced delivery.

Referring now to FIGS. 16 and 17 , implanting the canister 100, or any other canister disclosed herein, within the mammal, includes depositing a metabolically active agent into the implantable canister. To that end, an injection device 1602 may be included and configured to deliver the metabolically active agent into the canister. In one configuration, the injection device 1602 includes a push button, squeeze handle, or similar actuator 1604 to deliver a substantially uniform distribution of the metabolically active agent into the implantable canister 100. In one configuration, the canister 100 includes a membrane 1606, which may be a tri-leaf valve or other valve structure in which the injection device 1602 penetrates to deliver the metabolically agent into the canister. For example, the membrane 1606 may be positioned on the surface of the canister or spaced a distance away from the canister within one or more injection device anchoring elements 1608. In one configuration, the anchoring element 1608 defines a beveled edge to facilitate engagement to the injection device 1602 and may further be conical in shape. In one configuration, the anchoring element 1608 includes threads configured to engage a corresponding threaded portion on the injection device 1602 to threadably engage the injection device 1602 to the anchoring element 1608. In the configuration shown in FIG. 17 , a second anchoring element 1608 is included on an opposite side of the canister. In an exemplary configuration, the injection device 1602 includes an injection tube 1610 extending outward therefrom, the injection tube 1610 being in communication with as source of metabolically active agent disposed within the injection device 1602. The injection tube 1610 may be a straight tube or may define a helical or cork-screw shape to penetrate the member 1606. Once the injection tube is engaged to the anchoring element 1608, the injection tube 1610 may penetrate the membrane 1606 to inject the metabolically active agent. Following the injection, the injection tube 1610 may be withdrawn and the membrane 1606 may reseal itself to retain the contents within the canister.

In other configurations, the injection device 1602 may snap fit, or otherwise lock with the anchoring element 1608 of the canister. For example, the injection device 1602 may include a plurality of arms that engage the canister and injection the contents therein. In other configurations, the injection tube 1610 may break off from the injection device 1602 and degrade over time inside the body. In still other configurations, the cannister 100 and/or the anchoring element 1608 may include a radiopaque or echogenic marker such that it can be visible under fluoroscopy or other imaging techniques to locate a port in the cannister 100.

Referring now to FIGS. 18-19 , in which another embodiment of an implantable medical device 1800 is shown. The medical device includes a first portion 1802 having a nanoscale through-porous structure and a second portion 1804 opposite the first portion 1802 having a nanoscale through porous structure. In one configuration the combination of the first portion 1802 with the second portion 1804 produces a bicontinuous morphology, as discussed in more detail above. In the configuration shown in FIG. 18 , the first portion 1802 and the second portion 1804 are metallic and rigid planar discs that are the same size, but in other configurations the first portion 1802 and the second portion 1804 may be differently sized, any shape, and may be flexible.

Continuing to refer to FIG. 18 , the first portion 1802 and the second portion 1804 are engaged to an implantable spacer ring 1806 sized and configured to retain the first portion 1802 and the second portion 1804. In the configuration shown in FIG. 18 , the spacer ring 1806 is ring shaped to accommodate the first and second portions 1802, 1804. In other configurations, the spacer ring 1806 may be any shape to accommodate the first portion 1802 and the second portion 1804. The spacer ring 1806 is sized and configured to be implantable with the body of a human or animal patient. That is, the spacer ring 1806 may be composed of corrosion resistant and biocompatible materials. The spacer ring 1806 may further define or otherwise includes a plurality of suture holes 1808 disposed about a perimeter or circumference of the spacer ring 1806. The suture holes 1808 are through holes such that the spacer ring 1806 may be sutured within the patient. In the configuration shown in FIG. 18 , the spacer ring 1806 further defines a first bezel 1810 or a recessed area sized to receive the first portion 1802 and a second bezel (not shown) or recessed area on the opposite side of the spacer ring 1806 sized to receive the second portion 1804. When seated within the respective bezels, the first portion 1802 and the second portion 1804 are substantially flush within the spacer ring 1806. Moreover, the spacer ring 1806 defines an aperture 1812 within its center such that when the first portion and the second portions 1802, 1804 are engaged to the spacer ring 1806, they are in fluid communication with each other through the aperture 1812.

Continuing to refer to FIG. 18 , the spacer ring 1806 includes a port 1814 disposed within its circumference. In one configuration the port 1814 is disposed within a bulbous portion of the spacer ring 1806. The port 1814 is further engageable with a fluid delivery tube 1816 extending from the port 1814, which is in fluid communication with a source of fluid, for example, bioactive compounds. The fluid delivery tube 1816 may be flexible and may affixed to the port 1814. In an exemplary configuration, the first portion 1802 and the second portion 1804 are loaded with fluid injection into the fluid delivery tube 1816 through the port 1814 to saturate each of the first portion 1802 and the second portion 1804 with fluid.

Other embodiments of the cell and biotherapeutic delivery canister will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims. 

1. A material, comprising: a nanoporous structure having integrated nanophase morphologies.
 2. The material of claim 1, wherein the nanoporous structure is metallic.
 3. The material of claim 2, wherein the metallic nanoporous structure includes a material including one of titanium, stainless steel and other medical grade metals.
 4. The material of claim 1, wherein the nanoporous structure is created with a subtractive process.
 5. The material of claim 1, wherein the nanoporous structure is created with an additive process.
 6. The material of claim 1, wherein the nanoporous structure includes a textured nano-sericeous surface.
 7. The material of claim 2, wherein the nanoporous structure includes a plurality of tubular nanopores.
 8. The material of claim 7, wherein the plurality of tubular nanopores have a porosity that allows passage of insulin but not IgG.
 9. The material of claim 1, wherein the integrated nanophase morphologies include a nanoporous bicontinuous structure integrated with a tubular nanoporous structure.
 10. The material of claim 9, wherein the nanoporous bicontinuous structure has a first porosity and the tubular nanoporous structure has a second porosity that define a continuous fluid path through the structures.
 11. A material, comprising: a metallic, nanoporous structure having a plurality of nanopores, wherein each nanopore has a diameter in the range of 20 nm to 5000 nm.
 12. The material of claim 11, wherein each nanopore is less than 800 nm in diameter.
 13. The material of claim 11, wherein immune calls including macrophages and T-cells are restricted by their size from infiltrating the nanopores.
 14. The material of claim 11, wherein the nanopores have a porosity that allows passage of insulin but not IgG.
 15. The material of claim 11, wherein the metallic nanoporous structure includes a material including one of titanium, 316L stainless steel and other medical grade metals.
 16. The material of claim 11, wherein the nanoporous structure includes a textured nano-sericeous surface.
 17. The material of claim 11, wherein the textured nano-sericeous surface is defined by nanofeatures measuring 1-5 nm in height and 1-200 nm in width.
 18. The material of claim 17, wherein the metallic, nanoporous structure and the textured nano-sericeous surface are of the same, homogenous metal material.
 19. The material of claim 16, wherein the textured nano-sericeous surface is coated with one of a biomolecule, a therapeutic nanoparticle, and a drug.
 20. The material of claim 11, wherein the nanopores are at least partially filled with one of a biomolecule, a therapeutic nanoparticle, and a drug.
 21. The material of claim 11, wherein the nanoporous structure has an electrical charge that alters the adsorption and 3-dimensional conformation of proteins.
 22. A medical device, comprising: a substrate having a nanophase tubular structure.
 23. The medical device of claim 22, wherein the nanophase tubular structure has a thickness between 8 microns and 200 microns.
 24. The medical device of claim 23, wherein the nanophase tubular structure includes a plurality of nanotubes made of a material including one of titanium, stainless steel and other medical grade metals.
 25. The medical device of claim 24, wherein the nanophase tubular structure includes a plurality of nanotubes having a diameter of 80 nm.
 26. The medical device of claim 22, further comprising a metallic capsule and wherein the substrate is integrated with the metallic capsule.
 27. The medical device of claim 26, wherein the metallic capsule is apertured to permit fluid passage into the metallic capsule.
 28. The medical device of claim 22, wherein immune calls including macrophages and T-cells are restricted by their size from infiltrating the nanotubes.
 29. The medical device of claim 22, wherein the nanotubes have a porosity that allows passage of insulin but not IgG.
 30. The medical device of claim 22, wherein the nanophase tubular structure includes a textured nano-sericeous surface.
 31. The medical device of claim 22, wherein the textured nano-sericeous surface is defined by nanofeatures measuring 1-5 nm in height and 1-200 nm in width.
 32. The medical device of claim 30, wherein the nanophase tubular structure and the textured nano-sericeous surface are of the same, homogenous metal material.
 33. The medical device of claim 30, wherein the textured nano-sericeous surface is coated with one of a biomolecule, a therapeutic nanoparticle, and a drug.
 34. The medical device of claim 22, wherein the nanophase tubular structure is at least partially filled with one of a biomolecule, a therapeutic nanoparticle, and a drug.
 35. The medical device of claim 30, wherein the textured nano-sericeous surface has an electrical charge that alters the adsorption and 3-dimensional conformation of proteins.
 36. The medical device of claim 22, wherein the nanophase tubular structure includes a plurality of nanotubes where each nanotube has a diameter of less than 800 nm. 